An ultra-dark coating comprised of nearly invisible shag rug-like strands made of pure carbon is proving to be highly versatile for all types of spaceflight applications.
In the most recent application of the carbon-nanotube coating, optical engineer John Hagopian, a contractor at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and Goddard scientist Lucy Lim are growing an array of miniscule, button-shaped bumps of multi-walled nanotubes on a silicon wafer.
The dots, which measure only 100 microns in diameter — roughly the size of a human hair — would serve as the “ammunition” source for a mini-electron probe. This type of instrument analyzes the chemical properties of rocks and soil on airless bodies, like the Moon or an asteroid.
Although the probe is still early in its technology development, it’s showing promise, said Lim, who is using funding from NASA’s Planetary Instrument Concepts for the Advancement of Solar System Observations Program, better known as PICASSO, to advance the concept.
The Nanotech-Sized Electron Gun
Key to Lim’s instrument, of course, are the carbon nanotubes, which are excellent electron emitters. Discovered in 1991, these structures also exhibit an array of useful electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties.
To create these highly versatile structures, technicians place a silicon wafer or some other substrate inside a furnace. As the oven heats, they bathe the substrate with a carbon feedstock gas to produce the thin coating of nearly invisible hair-like structures.
For the electron emitter, Hagopian and Lim are using this technique to grow tiny, circular dots of carbon nanotubes in a grid pattern that Goddard’s detector branch fashioned using photolithography. Positioned above and below the lattice of dots are silicon wires or traces and a grid that produce two different voltages. These voltages create an electrical field that activates the release of electrons contained within the carbon-nanotube bumps or forests.
Under Lim’s instrument concept, the electron beams would then pass through a stack of electrostatic lenses to accelerate their speed and help focus them on an extraterrestrial target. When the electrons hit the sample, the bombardment would excite the elements contained within the sample, producing X-rays that a spectrometer would then analyze to identify the sample’s chemical make-up.
Significant Improvements Expected
Although NASA has flown other instruments that analyze samples using X-rays, Lim’s concept and her use of carbon nanotubes could offer significant improvements.
What’s different about her carbon nanotube-based electron field emitter is its small size and the fact that it’s fully addressable. “We would be able to choose which bump to activate,” Lim said. “We would be able to analyze different spots on the sample individually.”
In contrast, if the instrument had only one electron source, it could only analyze one portion of the sample, Lim said. “We want to obtain compositional maps,” she added. “Without the addressable emitter, we might not discover all the minerals contained within a sample, how big they are, or their relationship to each other.”
In testing, Lim has demonstrated that the bumps emit enough electrons to excite a sample. Furthermore, Hagopian, who flew a couple coating samples on the International Space Station in 2014, has proven the technology can survive an excursion into outer space.
The team, which also includes Larry Hess with Goddard’s Detector Branch, is closing in on the technical challenges and knows the nanotechnology works as envisioned. However, obstacles remain, said Hagopian, the founder of the Lanham, Maryland-based Advanced Nanophotonics. Packaging the nanotube-based grid into a tiny package and then hooking it up to the instrument’s electronics “is difficult,” Hagopian said. However, the team believes it can demonstrate the nanotube-based electron probe within a couple years under the NASA-funded research effort.
Straylight Suppression
In a completely different application and one that perhaps is better known, Hagopian is developing coatings to absorb straylight that can ricochet off instrument components and ultimately contaminate measurements.
In testing, carbon-nanotube coatings have proven highly effective at absorbing 99.8 percent of the light that strikes them and is the reason why they appear very black. When light penetrates the nanotube forest, tiny gaps between the tubes prevent the light from bouncing. However, these gaps don’t absorb the light. The light’s electric field excites electrons in the carbon nanotubes, turning light to heat and effectively absorbing it, Hagopian said.
For researchers at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, Hagopian is growing intricately patterned nanotubes onto a component that changes the pattern of light that has diffracted off the edges of telescope structures using coronagraphic masks, which block starlight, Hagopian said. NASA’s Small Business Innovative Research program has funded the effort.
He also is collaborating with Principal Investigator Antonio Mannino to create a coating that would prevent straylight from contaminating measurements gathered by a new instrument called the Coastal Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Imager, or COEDI. This hyperspectral spectrometer is being designed to monitor ocean color from geostationary orbit — measurements that scientists and others could use to assess and manage coastal resources.
“I started working with John [Hagopian] two years ago when I discovered in testing that straylight was going to be a problem with COEDI,” said Mannino, who is developing his instrument also with NASA R&D funding. “We asked him to help us with the problem. I think he’s close to solving it.”
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